Oral rehydration composition with oligosaccharides

ABSTRACT

The general inventive concepts are directed to compositions and methods for the prevention and treatment of dehydration. Provided herein are nutritional compositions including oral rehydration compositions. Certain embodiments of the nutritional compositions have an acidic pH, and comprise a digestible carbohydrate, sodium, citrate, and an oligosaccharide selected from a fucosylated oligosaccharide and an N-acetylated oligosaccharide.

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

This application claims priority to and any benefit of U.S. ProvisionalApplication No. 61/919,004, filed Dec. 20, 2013, the content of which isincorporated herein by reference in its entirety.

TECHNICAL FIELD

The general inventive concepts are directed to compositions and methodsfor the treatment of dehydration, and more particularly to oralrehydration compositions and uses thereof.

BACKGROUND

Dehydration resulting from fever, diarrhea, vomiting, or combinationsthereof, is a leading cause of morbidity and mortality in the developingworld. While not generally considered a substantial worry for healthyindividuals in developed countries, it remains a considerable healthconcern for those in poor or compromised health. One method for treatingdehydration is administration of an Oral Rehydration Composition(s)(ORC). In general, when consumed by an individual afflicted withdehydration, an ORC supplies necessary calories and electrolytes thatotherwise the individual would have difficulty absorbing. This isaccomplished through a balance between the amount of carbohydrates andthe amount of electrolytes in the ORC. For example, sodium absorptionimproves as the dextrose concentration of the oral fluid is increased upto about 2.5% w/w. But higher concentrations of dextrose increase theosmotic load in the gut, which pulls water out of the blood stream,leading to a net reduction in sodium and water absorption. This net lossof fluids and electrolytes further exacerbates dehydration.

However, only certain carbohydrates have been shown to be effective inaiding absorption of electrolytes. Generally, simple sugars such asdextrose and fructose are effective while larger carbohydrates do notprovide the same benefit. Further, many oligosaccharides are known tohave limited stability in acidic medium such as is common to ORC.Because of this, conventional ORC generally do not includeoligosaccharides or polysaccharides.

SUMMARY

The general inventive concepts are directed to nutritional compositionsincluding oral rehydration compositions, and the use of nutritionalcompositions including oral rehydration compositions to prevent or treatdehydration. In certain exemplary embodiments, an oral rehydrationcomposition comprising a human milk oligosaccharide is provided.

In a first exemplary embodiment, a nutritional composition is provided.The nutritional composition comprises a human milk oligosaccharideselected from a fucosylated oligosaccharide, an N-acetylatedoligosaccharide, and combinations thereof in an amount of about 10 mg toabout 5000 mg per liter of the nutritional composition; a digestiblecarbohydrate in addition to the human milk oligosaccharide in an amountof from about 10 mM to about 150 mM of carbohydrate per liter of thenutritional composition; and sodium in an amount of about 10 mEq toabout 100 mEq of sodium per liter of the nutritional composition.

In a second exemplary embodiment, an oral rehydration composition isprovided. The oral rehydration composition comprises sodium, potassium,chloride, a digestible carbohydrate, an indigestible carbohydrate, and ahuman milk oligosaccharide in an amount of about 10 mg to about 5000 mgper liter of the oral rehydration composition.

In a third exemplary embodiment, an acidic, thermally-treatednutritional liquid is provided. The nutritional liquid comprises atleast one of 2′-fucosyllactose and lacto-N-neotetraose in an amount offrom about 10 mg to about 5000 mg per liter of the nutritional liquid.

In a fourth exemplary embodiment, an oral rehydration composition isprovided. The oral rehydration composition comprises sodium, potassium,chloride, a digestible carbohydrate, and at least one human milkoligosaccharide selected from a fucosylated oligosaccharide and aN-acetylated oligosaccharide.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

The general inventive concepts are directed to nutritional compositionsincluding ORC, and the use of nutritional compositions to prevent ortreat dehydration. In certain embodiments, the ORC has an acidic pH, andcomprises a digestible carbohydrate, sodium, and an oligosaccharide.Compositions according to the exemplary embodiments may be useful for atleast one of: rehydration, promoting faster recovery from diarrhealillness, reducing intestinal spasms due to diarrhea, reducing theduration of diarrhea, reducing vomiting and nausea, and promoting fasterre-colonization of the gastrointestinal (GI) tract by beneficial florafollowing antibiotic treatment.

The term “individual” as used herein, unless otherwise specified, refersto a mammal. In certain exemplary embodiments, the individual is ahuman, including an infant, a child and an adult.

The term “infant” as used herein, unless otherwise specified, refers tochildren not more than about one year of age, and includes infants from0 to about 4 months of age, infants from about 4 to about 8 months ofage, infants from about 8 to about 12 months of age, low birth weightinfants at less than 2,500 grams at birth, and preterm infants born atless than about 37 weeks gestational age, typically from about 26 weeksto about 34 weeks gestational age. The term “child” or “children” asused herein refers to children not more than 12 years of age, andincludes children from about 12 months to about 12 years of age. Theterm “adult” as used herein refers to adults and children about 12 yearsof age and older.

One “milliequivalent” (mEq) refers to the number of ions in solution asdetermined by their concentration in a given volume. This measure isexpressed as the number of milliequivalents per liter (mEq/L).Milliequivalents may be converted to milligrams by multiplying mEq bythe atomic weight of the mineral and then dividing that number by thevalence of the mineral.

The terms “administer,” “administering,” “administered,” or“administration” as used herein, unless otherwise specified, should beunderstood to include providing the nutritional composition to anindividual, the act of consuming the nutritional composition, andcombinations thereof. In addition, it should be understood that themethods of administering disclosed herein may be practiced with orwithout doctor supervision or other medical direction.

The terms “human milk oligosaccharide” or “HMO,” unless otherwisespecified, refers generally to a number of complex carbohydrates foundin human breast milk that can be in acidic or neutral form. Exemplarynon-limiting human milk oligosaccharides include, 2′-fucosyllactose,3′-fucosyllactose, lacto-N-neotetraose, and lacto-N-tetraose.

The term “shelf stable” as used herein, unless otherwise specified,refers to a nutritional product that remains commercially stable afterbeing packaged and then stored at 18-24° C. for at least 3 months,including from about 6 months to about 24 months, and also includingfrom about 12 months to about 18 months

The exemplary nutritional compositions disclosed herein, and utilized inthe exemplary methods, include those suitable for oral administration.Oral administration, as defined herein, includes any form ofadministration in which the nutritional compositions passes through theesophagus of the individual. For example, oral administration includesnasogastric intubation, in which a tube is run through the nose to thestomach of the individual to administer food or drugs.

All percentages, parts and ratios as used herein, are by weight of thetotal composition, unless otherwise specified. All such weights as theypertain to listed ingredients are based on the active level and,therefore, do not include solvents or by-products that may be includedin commercially available materials, unless otherwise specified.

Any reference in the specification or claims to a quantity of anelectrolyte should be construed as referring to the final concentrationof the electrolyte in the nutritional composition. Tap water oftencontains residual sodium, chlorine, etc. A value of 15 mEq of sodium inthis application means that the total sodium present in the nutritionalcomposition equals 15 mEq, taking into account both added sodium as wellas the sodium present in the water used to manufacture the nutritionalcomposition. This holds true for all electrolytes.

All references to singular characteristics or limitations of the presentdisclosure shall include the corresponding plural characteristic orlimitation, and vice versa, unless otherwise specified or clearlyimplied to the contrary by the context in which the reference is made.

The nutritional compositions of the present disclosure may also besubstantially free of any optional ingredient or feature describedherein, provided that the remaining formula still contains all of therequired ingredients or features as described herein. In this context,and unless otherwise specified, the term “substantially free” means thatthe selected composition contains less than a functional amount of theoptional ingredient, typically less than 0.1% by weight, and alsoincluding zero percent by weight of such optional or selected essentialingredient.

In certain exemplary embodiments, the nutritional composition, such asan ORC, is formulated as a clear liquid (i.e., a solution) having anacidic pH. In certain exemplary embodiments, the nutritional compositionis an aqueous composition and has a pH ranging from 2 to 6.5. In certainexemplary embodiments, the pH of the nutritional composition is about2.5 to about 4.6. In certain exemplary embodiments, the pH of thenutritional composition is about 2.5 to about 3.5.

Typically, the nutritional composition is desired to be clear, or atleast substantially translucent, and is substantially free of fat. Asused herein “substantially free of fat” refers to a nutritionalcomposition containing less than 0.5%, including less than 0.1%, fat byweight of the total composition. “Substantially free of fat” also mayrefer to a nutritional composition disclosed herein that contains nofat, i.e., zero fat. In those embodiments of the nutritional compositionthat are substantially free of fat but have some amount of fat present,the fat may be present as a result of being inherently present inanother ingredient, or the fat may be present as a result of being addedas one or more separate sources of fat. In certain exemplaryembodiments, the term substantially free of fat refers to a nutritionalcomposition wherein there is no caloric lipid component (i.e., less thana functional amount of the ingredient, typically less than 0.5% byweight, and also including zero percent by weight, of such ingredient)in the nutritional composition. In certain exemplary embodiments, anutritional composition that includes a lipid that is introduced as acomponent of one or more ingredients but does not contributesubstantially to the caloric value of the nutritional composition, isconsidered to be substantially free of fat. In certain exemplaryembodiments, a nutritional composition that includes emulsifiers,phospholipids or the like, in amounts that do not contributesubstantially to the caloric value of the nutritional composition, isconsidered to be substantially free of fat.

The nutritional composition and corresponding manufacturing methodsdisclosed herein can comprise, consist of, or consist essentially of theessential elements and limitations of the disclosure as describedherein, as well as any additional or optional ingredients, components,or limitations described herein or otherwise useful in oral rehydrationapplications.

Oral Rehydration Therapy (ORT) typically involves the administration ofa nutritional composition containing, at a minimum, a digestiblecarbohydrate (often dextrose) and sodium in water. A nutritionalcomposition such as this provides rapid, effective hydration becausesodium ion absorption in the intestines causes water moleculesassociated with the sodium ion to also be absorbed. This sodiumabsorption is activated by dextrose. Specifically, dextrose that crossesthe intestinal epithelium brings sodium ions, raising the concentrationof sodium ions in the blood stream and pulling water out of the gut.

A nutritional composition can thus be used to correct the fluid andelectrolyte losses associated with acute infectious diarrhea orvomiting, or both, to treat hyponatremia or hypohydration due toexercise, changes in altitude, or fever, and to maintain a healthy levelof hydration. The general inventive concepts are directed to annutritional composition comprising sodium, a digestible carbohydrate,and an oligosaccharide (in particular fucosylated oligosaccharides andN-acetylated oligosaccharides), in particular, an oligosaccharide thatis stable in an acidic environment. The general inventive concepts alsorelate to the use of the nutritional compositions for theprevention/treatment of dehydration due to fever and/or other medicalconditions not associated with diarrhea and vomiting.

Inclusion of certain oligosaccharides in ORT is complicated by the factthat many are unstable in acidic medium (many forms of ORT are acidic),especially when stored for extended (i.e., more than 3 months) periodsof time. When subjected to acidic medium, the bonds between the sugarsthat make up the oligosaccharide are hydrolyzed giving off theindividual sugars. Nevertheless, provided herein are nutritionalcompositions (including acidic nutritional compositions such as ORC)comprising oligosaccharides, including HMOs, which demonstrate enhancedshelf stability.

Prebiotics are generally defined as non-digestible food ingredients thatbeneficially affect the host by stimulating the growth or activity, orboth, of beneficial bacteria in the colon. These bacteria have beenshown to provide benefits for digestion and boost immune function. Inthis regard they may provide benefits to those experiencing dehydration.Oligosaccharides are short to medium chain polymers of simplecarbohydrates (i.e., sugars), and many have demonstrated prebioticactivity. Examples of oligosaccharides include galactooligosaccharide(GOS) 2′-fucosyllactose (2′-FL) and lacto-N-neotetraose (LNnT).

Human milk is known to contain more than 100 different oligosaccharides.Many beneficial functions have been attributed to HMOs. Certain HMOshave been shown to be beneficial biologically. For this reason, thesupplementation nutritional compositions with human milkoligosaccharides is desirable. The nutritional compositions according tothe general inventive concepts include at least one HMO, and in certainembodiments, a combination of two or more HMOs.

The HMO may be included in the nutritional compositions alone, or insome embodiments, in combination with other components (e.g., prebioticoligosaccharides, probiotics, etc.) as described herein. In manyembodiments, HMOs are included in the nutritional compositions withmultiple additional components. The HMO may be isolated or enriched frommilk(s) secreted by mammals including, but not limited to: human,bovine, ovine, porcine, or caprine species. The HMO may also be producedvia microbial fermentation, enzymatic processes, chemical synthesis, orcombinations thereof.

Suitable HMOs for use in the nutritional compositions may generallyinclude neutral oligosaccharides, acidic oligosaccharides, and moreparticularly include fucosylated oligosaccharides and N-acetylatedoligosaccharides. Specific non-limiting examples of HMOs that may beincluded individually or in combination in the exemplary nutritionalcompositions include: 2′-FL; 3′-Fucosyllactose (3′-FL); Lacto-N-tetraose(LNT); and LNnT.

Optional HMOs that may be included in certain exemplary embodimentsinclude sialic acid (i.e., free sialic acid, lipid-bound sialic acid,protein-bound sialic acid); D-glucose (Glc); D-galactose (Gal);N-acetylglucosamine (GlcNAc); L-fucose (L-Fuc); D-fucose (D-fuc);fucosyl oligosaccharides (i.e., Lacto-N-fucopentaose I;Lacto-N-fucopentaose I1 Lacto-N-fucopentaose III; Lacto-N-difucohexaoseI; and Lactodifucotetraose); non-fucosylated, non-sialylatedoligosaccharides (i.e); sialyl oligosaccharides (i.e.,3′-Sialyl-3-fucosyllactose; Disialomonofucosyllacto-N-neohexaose;Monofucosylmonosialyllacto-N-octaose (sialyl Lea);Sialyllacto-N-fucohexaose II; Disialyllacto-N-fucopentaose II;Monofucosyldisialyllacto-N-tetraose); and sialyl fucosyloligosaccharides i.e., 2′-Sialyllactose; 2-Sialyllactosamine;3′-Sialyllactose; 3′-Sialyllactosamine; 6′-Sialyllactose;6′-Sialyllactosamine; Sialyllacto-N-neotetraose c;Monosialyllacto-N-hexaose; Disialyllacto-N-hexaose I;Monosialyllacto-N-neohexaose I; Monosialyllacto-N-neohexaose II;Disialyllacto-N-neohexaose; Disialyllacto-N-tetraose;Disialyllacto-N-hexaose 11; Sialyllacto-N-tetraose a;Disialyllacto-N-hexaose I; and Sialyllacto-N-tetraose. Other suitableexamples of HMOs that may be included in the compositions of the presentdisclosure include lacto-N-fucopentaose V, lacto-N-hexaose,para-lacto-N-hexaose, lacto-N-neohexaose, para-lacto-N-neohexaose,monofucosyllacto-N-hexaose II, isomeric fucosylated lacto-N-hexaose (1),isomeric fucosylated lacto-N-hexaose (3), isomeric fucosylatedlacto-N-hexaose (2), difucosyl-para-lacto-N-neohexaose,difucosyl-para-lacto-N-hexaose, difucosyllacto-N-hexaose,lacto-N-neooctaose, para-lacto-N-octanose, iso-lacto-N-octaose,lacto-N-octaose, monofucosyllacto-neooctaose,monofucosyllacto-N-octaose, difucosyllacto-N-octaose I,difucosyllacto-N-octaose II, difucosyllacto-N-neoocataose II,difucosyllacto-N-neoocataose I, lacto-N-decaose,trifucosyllacto-N-neooctaose, trifucosyllacto-N-octaose,trifucosyl-iso-lacto-N-octaose, lacto-N-difuco-hexaose II,sialyl-lacto-N-tetraose a, sialyl-lacto-N-tetraose b,sialyl-lacto-N-tetraose c, sialyl-fucosyl-lacto-N-tetraose I,sialyl-fucosyl-lacto-N-tetraose II, and disialyl-lacto-N-tetraose, andcombinations thereof. Due to acid stability, certain sialylatedoligosaccharides (e.g., 6′-sialyllactose) and fructooligosaccharides(FOS) may be less preferred, but may still be included in certainexemplary embodiments in accordance with the exemplary embodimentsdiscussed below.

Particularly suitable nutritional compositions include at least one ofthe following HMOs: fucosylated oligosaccharides and N-acetylatedoligosaccharides. Specific non-limiting examples of HMOs that areparticularly suited for inclusion individually or in combination in theexemplary nutritional compositions include: 2′-FL, 3′-FL, LNT, and LNnT.

2′-FL is a soluble milk glycan present in human milk. 2′-FL has beenshown to be beneficial for the reduction of inflammation, fightinginfections, regulation of gastrointestinal contractions, promotion ofintestinal differentiation, as well as general prebiotic properties.Many known ORTs do not properly address the recovery of intestinalepithelium or the re-colonization of beneficial gut flora. Providedherein are nutritional compositions and oral rehydration compositionsthat address these unmet needs via the novel inclusion ofoligosaccharides. In certain exemplary embodiments, the nutritionalcompositions address these needs via the inclusion of shelf-stable HMOssuch as 2′-FL.

In certain exemplary embodiments, the nutritional compositions comprisea human milk oligosaccharide selected from a fucosylated oligosaccharideand an N-acetylated oligosaccharide in an amount of about 10 mg to about5000 mg per liter of the nutritional composition. In certain exemplaryembodiments, the human milk oligosaccharide is selected from2′-fucosyllactose and lacto-N-neotetraose. In certain exemplaryembodiments, the nutritional composition comprises 2′-fucosyllactose inan amount of about 20 mg to about 4000 mg per liter of the nutritionalcomposition.

In addition to 2′-FL, other oligosaccharides may provide similarbenefits. In certain exemplary embodiments, the nutritional compositionfurther comprises a neutral human milk oligosaccharide. Other human milkoligosaccharides suitable for inclusion in the exemplary embodimentsinclude fucosylated oligosaccharides and N-acetylated oligosaccharides,and in particular 3′-fucosyllactose, LNT, and LNnT. In certain exemplaryembodiments, the neutral human milk oligosaccharide is present in anamount of about 10 mg to about 5000 mg per liter of the nutritionalcomposition.

In certain embodiments, the nutritional compositions may also include anoligosaccharide (also referred to as an indigestible carbohydrate) or asource of an oligosaccharide selected from GOS and xylooligosaccharides(XOS). In certain exemplary embodiments, the nutritional compositionscomprise an indigestible oligosaccharide or a source of indigestibleoligosaccharide. In certain exemplary embodiments, the nutritionalcompositions comprise GOS. GOS, also known as oligogalactosyllactose,oligogalactose, oligolactose, or transgalactooligosaccharides, is aknown prebiotic oligosaccharide. GOS is a polymer of lactose (adisaccharide itself), and most sources of GOS comprise some inherentfree lactose. This inherent lactose poses a problem for use of GOS in anutritional composition intended for use to treat the symptoms ofdehydration. Lactose is known to exacerbate the symptoms of, forexample, diarrhea, and thus ingredients that include lactose are, as arule, generally not included in dehydration/rehydration therapies.Additional non-limiting examples of indigestible carbohydrates includeoligofructose, inulin, polydextrose, hydrolyzed pectin, and gums.

In certain exemplary embodiments, the nutritional compositions comprisea digestible carbohydrate (or simply a carbohydrate) or a source ofdigestible carbohydrate, in addition to the oligosaccharides. Thequantity of digestible carbohydrate present in the nutritionalcompositions can vary depending upon the needs of the ultimate user. Incertain exemplary embodiments, the nutritional composition comprises adigestible carbohydrate in an amount of about 10 mM to about 150 mM ofcarbohydrate in the nutritional composition. In certain exemplaryembodiments, the nutritional composition comprises a digestiblecarbohydrate in an amount of about 50 mM to about 150 mM of carbohydratein the nutritional composition. Non-limiting examples of carbohydratessuitable for use in the exemplary embodiments include dextrose,maltodextrin, starch, isomaltulose, sucromalt, rice syrup, and ricesyrup solids. In certain exemplary embodiments, the digestiblecarbohydrate comprises dextrose.

The amount of dextrose present in exemplary embodiments of thenutritional composition may also be expressed in an amount of dextrosein grams per liter. In certain exemplary embodiments, dextrose isincluded in the nutritional composition in an amount from about 1.8 g/Lto about 60 g/L of the nutritional composition. In certain exemplaryembodiments, dextrose is present in an amount from about 4.5 g/L toabout 60 g/L. In certain exemplary embodiments, dextrose is present inan amount from about 5 g/L to about 60 g/L. In certain exemplaryembodiments, dextrose is present in an amount from about 10 g/L to about10 g/L. In certain exemplary embodiments, dextrose is present in anamount from about 5 g/L to about 30 g/L. In certain exemplaryembodiments, dextrose is present in an amount from about 10 g/L to about25 g/L.

In certain exemplary embodiments, the nutritional composition may alsooptionally include a source of digestible carbohydrate other thandextrose. The carbohydrates may be simple and/or complex carbohydrates,including monosaccharides, disaccharides, oligosaccharides, andpolysaccharides. Specific examples of suitable carbohydrates include,but are not limited to sucrose, fructose, dextrose polymers, corn syrup,high fructose corn syrup, sucrose, lactose, maltose, amylose, glycogen,galactose, allose, altrose, mannose, gulose, idose, talose, ribose,arabinose, lyxose, ribose, xylose, erythrose, threose, and combinationsthereof.

In certain exemplary embodiments, the nutritional composition comprisessodium. The sodium in the nutritional compositions may be present as acation of a salt. Examples of suitable sodium sources include sodiumchloride, sodium phosphate, sodium citrate, sodium carbonate, sodiumbicarbonate, sodium hydroxide, sodium ascorbate, and combinationsthereof.

The quantity of sodium ions present in the nutritional compositionvaries widely and the ultimate amount may depend on the needs of theparticular user. In certain exemplary embodiments, sodium is present inthe nutritional composition in an amount of about 10 mEq/L to about 100mEq/L of the nutritional composition. In certain exemplary embodiments,sodium is present in the nutritional composition in an amount of about10 mEq/L to about 95 mEq/L of the nutritional composition. In certainexemplary embodiments, a sodium is present in an amount sufficient toprovide from about 15 mEq/L to about 95 mEq/L. In certain exemplaryembodiments, a sodium is present in an amount sufficient to provide fromabout 25 mEq/L to about 95 mEq/L. In certain exemplary embodiments,sodium is present in an amount sufficient to provide from about 30 mEq/Lto about 95 mEq/L. In certain exemplary embodiments, sodium is presentin the nutritional composition in an amount of about 10 mEq/L to about90 mEq/L of the nutritional composition. In certain exemplaryembodiments, sodium is present in an amount sufficient to provide fromabout 45 mEq/L to about 90 mEq/L of the nutritional composition. Incertain exemplary embodiments, sodium is present in an amount sufficientto provide from about 15 mEq/L to about 60 mEq/L of the nutritionalcomposition. In certain exemplary embodiments, sodium is present in anamount sufficient to provide from about 45 mEq/L to about 60 mEq/L ofthe nutritional composition.

In addition to the oligosaccharides, dextrose, and sodium, thenutritional compositions according to certain exemplary embodiments maycontain all the necessary electrolytes and levels thereof required bythe Food and Drug Administration for oral rehydration formulations soldin the United States or recommended by the World Health Organization foruse globally.

In certain exemplary embodiments, the nutritional composition furthercomprises citrate or a source of citrate. The quantity of citratepresent in the nutritional composition varies widely and the ultimateamount may vary depending on the needs of the particular user. Examplesof suitable forms of citrate for inclusion in the exemplary embodimentsinclude potassium citrate, sodium citrate and zinc citrate.

In certain exemplary embodiments, the nutritional composition comprisescitrate in an amount sufficient to provide from about 1 mEq/L to about200 mEq/L of the nutritional composition. In certain exemplaryembodiments, the nutritional composition comprises citrate in an amountsufficient to provide from about 1 mEq/L to about 180 mEq/L of thenutritional composition. In certain exemplary embodiments, thenutritional composition comprises citrate in an amount sufficient toprovide from about 1 mEq/L to about 160 mEq/L of the nutritionalcomposition. In certain exemplary embodiments, the nutritionalcomposition comprises citrate in an amount sufficient to provide fromabout 1 mEq/L to about 140 mEq/L of the nutritional composition. Incertain exemplary embodiments, the nutritional composition comprisescitrate in an amount sufficient to provide from about 1 mEq/L to about130 mEq/L of the nutritional composition. In certain exemplaryembodiments, the nutritional composition comprises citrate in an amountsufficient to provide from about 3 mEq/L to about 200 mEq/L of thenutritional composition. In certain exemplary embodiments, citrate ispresent in an amount sufficient to provide from about 3 mEq/L to about125 mEq/L of the nutritional composition. In certain exemplaryembodiments, citrate is present in an amount sufficient to provide fromabout 3 mEq/L to about 100 mEq/L of the nutritional composition. Incertain exemplary embodiments, citrate is present in an amountsufficient to provide from about 3 mEq/L to about 90 mEq/L of thenutritional composition. In certain exemplary embodiments, citrate ispresent in an amount sufficient to provide from about 3 mEq/L to about75 mEq/L of the nutritional composition. In certain exemplaryembodiments, citrate is present in an amount sufficient to provide fromabout 5 mEq/L to about 125 mEq/L of the nutritional composition. Incertain exemplary embodiments, citrate is present in an amountsufficient to provide from about 8 mEq/L to about 125 mEq/L of thenutritional composition. In certain exemplary embodiments, citrate ispresent in an amount sufficient to provide from about 8 mEq/L to about100 mEq/L of the nutritional composition. In certain exemplaryembodiments, citrate is present in an amount sufficient to provide fromabout 8 mEq/L to about 50 mEq/L of the nutritional composition. Theseamounts include citrates from any source, including citric acid; citricester that can be hydrolyzed into citric acid or a citrate ion; or acitrate salt, such as potassium citrate, sodium citrate, zinc citrate,and combinations thereof.

In certain exemplary embodiments, the nutritional composition compriseschloride or a source of chloride. The chloride in an nutritionalcomposition may be present as an ion in the liquid, and may be inequilibrium with a salt. Examples of suitable chloride salts include,but are not limited to sodium chloride, potassium chloride, calciumchloride, magnesium chloride, and combinations thereof. The amount ofchloride present in the nutritional composition may vary widely and theultimate amount may vary depending on the needs of the particular user.In certain exemplary embodiments, the nutritional composition compriseschloride in an amount from about 5 mEq/L to about 90 mEq/L of thenutritional composition. In certain exemplary embodiments, thenutritional composition comprises chloride in an amount from about 10mEq/L to about 85 mEq/L of the nutritional composition. In certainexemplary embodiments, the nutritional composition comprises chloride inan amount from about 20 mEq/L to about 90 mEq/L of the nutritionalcomposition. In certain exemplary embodiments, the nutritionalcomposition comprises chloride in an amount from about 20 mEq/L to about85 mEq/L of the nutritional composition. In certain exemplaryembodiments, the nutritional composition comprises chloride in an amountfrom about 20 mEq/L to about 80 mEq/L of the nutritional composition. Incertain exemplary embodiments, the nutritional composition compriseschloride in an amount from about 15 mEq/L to about 80 mEq/L of thenutritional composition.

In certain exemplary embodiments, the nutritional composition mayfurther comprise zinc or a source of zinc. The source of zinc isgenerally not critical. Any zinc salt suitable for human consumption maybe used in the nutritional composition. Examples of suitable zincsources include zinc gluconate, zinc sulfate, zinc chloride, zinccitrate, zinc bicarbonate, zinc carbonate, zinc hydroxide, zinc lactate,zinc acetate, zinc fluoride, zinc bromide, zinc sulfonate, andcombinations thereof. The amount of zinc used in the nutritionalcomposition can vary widely and the ultimate amount may vary dependingon the needs of the particular user. In certain exemplary embodiments,zinc is present in the nutritional composition in an amount from about0.1 mEq/L to about 95 mEq/L of the nutritional composition.

In certain exemplary embodiments, the nutritional composition mayfurther comprise potassium or a source of potassium ions. The potassiumin a nutritional composition may be present as an ion in the liquid, andmay be in equilibrium with a salt. Examples of potassium salts includepotassium chloride, potassium phosphate, potassium citrate, potassiumcarbonate, potassium bicarbonate, potassium hydroxide, and combinationsthereof. The quantity of potassium present in the nutritionalcomposition can vary widely and the ultimate amount may vary dependingon the needs of the particular user. In certain exemplary embodiments,potassium is present in an amount sufficient to provide from about 3mEq/L to about 100 mEq/L of the nutritional composition. In certainexemplary embodiments, potassium is present in an amount sufficient toprovide from about 5 mEq/L to about 100 mEq/L of the nutritionalcomposition. In certain exemplary embodiments, potassium is present inan amount sufficient to provide from about 3 mEq/L to about 50 mEq/L ofthe nutritional composition. In certain exemplary embodiments, potassiumis present in an amount sufficient to provide from about 10 mEq/L toabout 50 mEq/L of the nutritional composition. In certain exemplaryembodiments, potassium is present in an amount sufficient to providefrom about 3 mEq/L to about 25 mEq/L of the nutritional composition. Incertain exemplary embodiments, a source of potassium is present in anamount sufficient to provide from about 15 mEq/L to about 25 mEq/L ofthe nutritional composition.

In certain exemplary embodiments, calcium or a calcium containingsubstance may also be included in the nutritional composition. Examplesof suitable calcium containing substances include calcium chloride,calcium oxide, calcium hydroxide, calcium carbonate, calciumorthophosphate (including mono-, di- and tricalcium phosphate), calciumlactate, calcium gluconate, calcium citrate, calcium acetate, calciumascorbate, calcium tartarate, calcium malate and mixtures of these. Thequantity of calcium present in the nutritional composition can varywidely and the ultimate amount may vary depending on the needs of theparticular user. In certain exemplary embodiments, calcium is present inan amount sufficient to provide from about 0.25 mEq/L to about 30 mEq/Lthe nutritional composition. In certain exemplary embodiments, calciumis present in an amount sufficient to provide from about 0.25 mEq/L toabout 20 mEq/L the nutritional composition. In certain exemplaryembodiments, calcium is present in an amount sufficient to provide fromabout 0.4 mEq/L to about 20 mEq/L the nutritional composition. Incertain exemplary embodiments, calcium is present in an amountsufficient to provide from about 15 mEq/L to about 20 mEq/L thenutritional composition.

In certain exemplary embodiments, the nutritional composition comprisesat least one of protein and fat.

In certain exemplary embodiments, the nutritional composition comprisesprotein from one or more sources. Suitable sources of protein or sourcesthereof include, but are not limited to, animal products (e.g., dairyproteins, meat, fish, egg albumen), cereals (e.g., rice, corn),vegetables (e.g., soy, pea, potato), and combinations thereof.Additional protein sources can also include, peptides and free aminoacids known for use in nutritional compositions, non-limiting examplesof which include L-tryptophan, L-glutamine, L-tyrosine, L-methionine,L-cysteine, L-arginine, L-threonine, L-serine, and combinations thereof.

In certain exemplary embodiments, the nutritional composition comprisesfat from one or more sources. Suitable sources of fat or sources thereofinclude, but are not limited to, coconut oil, fractionated coconut oil,soy oil, corn oil, olive oil, safflower oil, high oleic safflower oil,MCT (medium chain triglycerides) oil, sunflower oil, high oleicsunflower oil, palm and palm kernel oils, palm olein, canola oil, marineoils, cottonseed oils, non-dairy creamer, and combinations thereof.

In certain exemplary embodiments, the nutritional composition furthercomprises a probiotic. In certain exemplary embodiments, the probioticis selected from the group of B. animalis spp lactis BB-12, B. infantisATCC15697, B. infantis M-63, B. infantis 35624, B. lactis HNO19, B.lactis Bi07, L. rhamnosus LGG, L. rhamnosus HN001, L. acidophilus LA-5,L. acidophilus NCFM, L. fermentum CECT5716, B. longum BB536, B. longumAH 1205, B. breve M-16V, L. reuteri ATCC 55730, L. reuteri ATCCPTA-6475, L. reuteri DSM 17938, and combinations thereof.

In certain exemplary embodiments, the nutritional composition includesone or more additional ingredients. Examples of additional ingredientsfor inclusion in the exemplary embodiments include postbiotics(metabolites of prebiotics) long chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (DHA,ARA, DPA, EPA, etc.), nucleotides, antioxidant/anti-inflammatorycompounds such as tocopherols; carotenoids; ascorbate/vitamin C;ascorbyl palmitate; polyphenols; glutathione; and superoxide dismutase,bioactive factors (e.g., growth hormones, cytokines, antibodies, andimmunoglobulins), of human or bovine origin, tributyrin or otherSCFA-containing mono-, di-, or triglycerides, human milk derived lipids,free amino acids or peptides (e.g., HMB, arginine, leucine, andglutathione), lactose, other water- and fat-soluble vitamins, mineralsand trace elements. Further examples of additional ingredients that maybe used in exemplary embodiments include flavorants, colorants,preservatives, excipients, gelling agents, amino acids, calcium,vitamins, dietary supplements, and combinations thereof. In general, theamount of any additional ingredients in an nutritional composition issuch that the primary ingredients remain within the desired ranges.

In certain exemplary embodiments, a flavorant may be present to add ormodify a flavor in the nutritional composition, or to enhance itspalatability, especially in a pediatric population. Examples of suitableflavorants include anise oil, cinnamon oil, vanilla, vanillin, cocoa,chocolate, menthol, grape, fruit punch flavoring, bubble gum flavoring,peppermint oil, oil of wintergreen, clove oil, bay oil, anise oil,eucalyptus, thyme oil, cedar leaf oil, oil of nutmeg, oil of sage, oilof bitter almonds, cassia oil, citrus oils such as lemon, orange, limeand grapefruit oils, and fruit essences, including apple, pear, peach,berry, wildberry, date, blueberry, kiwi, strawberry, raspberry, cherry,plum, pineapple, and apricot.

In certain exemplary embodiments, artificial sweeteners may also beadded to complement the flavor of the nutritional composition. Theconcentration of sweetener in the nutritional composition may be fromabout 0.01 to about 0.5 g/L of the nutritional composition. Usefulartificial sweeteners include saccharin, nutrasweet, sucralose,aspartame, acesulfame-K (ace-K), and the like.

In certain exemplary embodiments, a colorant may be present to add ormodify a color in the nutritional composition. Examples of colorantsinclude FD&C Red No. 3, FD&C Red No. 20, FD&C Yellow No. 6, FD&C BlueNo. 2, D&C Green No. 5, FD&C Orange No. 5, D&C Red No. 8, caramel,ferric oxide, pigments, dyes, tints, titanium dioxide, grape skinextract, beet red powder, beta carotene, annato, carmine, turmeric,paprika, and the like.

In certain exemplary embodiments, a preservative may be present toprovide a longer shelf life to a pre-packaged nutritional composition,or to extend the potability lifetime of a nutritional composition.Examples of suitable preservatives include, but are not limited to,potassium sorbate and sodium benzoate.

In certain exemplary embodiments, a gelling agent may be present in thenutritional composition, such that the nutritional composition can beformed into a gel, such as a flowable gel or a self-supporting gel.Nutritional composition gels may provide improved patient compliance inconsuming a nutritional composition, especially in a pediatricpopulation. Gelled rehydration formulas are described in U.S. Pat. No.6,572,898, hereby incorporated by reference herein. Gelling agents maybe included in the nutritional composition in amounts of from about 0.05to about 50% (w/w).

The nutritional composition according to certain exemplary embodimentscan be manufactured using techniques well known to those skilled in theart. For instance, the nutritional composition may be prepared bycombining the non-aqueous (i.e. “dry”) ingredients of the nutritionalcomposition, for example by dry blending, and dispersing the dryingredients in a suitable amount of water to provide a liquid having theappropriate concentrations of ingredients, as set forth herein.Alternately, one or more of the dry ingredients may be added separatelyto the water. The nutritional composition may optionally be heated tothe appropriate temperature to dissolve all the ingredients, filtered,packaged, and sterilized (sterilization may include heating,pasteurization, radiation, an aseptic process, etc.) sterilization tofood grade standards as is known in the art.

The nutritional composition according to certain exemplary embodimentsmay generally be heat sterilized either by a retort process, an asepticprocess, or a hot fill process.

A typical retort process involves introducing the nutritionalcomposition into a metal or plastic container, sealing the container,and then heating the sealed container for a time period and to atemperature sufficient for sterilization. Aseptic sterilization involvesseparately sterilizing a metal or plastic container and the nutritionalcomposition, and then combining the sterilized container and thenutritional composition in a clean room environment and sealing thecontainer. In a hot fill process, the container is filled with thenutritional composition and sealed at product temperatures above roomtemperature.

More specifically, in an exemplary retort sterilization method, thenutritional composition is usually preheated and then filled into aclean can, hermetically sealed, and placed in a steam chamber andsterilized, at a temperature of about 100° C., or in certain embodimentsabout 121° C. for about 15 to about 45 minutes. The batch is then cooledand the retort filled with a new batch. Because sterilization takesplace after filling, the need for aseptic handling is eliminated,although heat resistant plastic (or another heat resistant material)must be used due to the high temperatures involved. In one specificretort sterilization embodiment, a hydrostatic tower method is utilizedand includes conveying slowly the sealed containers through successiveheating and cooling zones in a sterilizer. The zones are dimensioned tocorrespond to the required temperatures and holding times in the varioustreatment stages.

In certain exemplary embodiments according to the aseptic sterilizationmethod, the nutritional composition is sterilized and a container isseparately sterilized. The nutritional composition may be sterilizedutilizing a heating process, for example. The container may besterilized by spraying the interior wall of the container with hydrogenperoxide and then drying the interior wall. Once the container and thenutritional composition have both been sterilized, the nutritionalcomposition is introduced into the container in a clean room environmentand the container sealed.

In certain exemplary embodiments, a hot fill processes alone can be usedto sterilize a high acid product (approximately below pH 4.6). In hotfill sterilization, the container is filled with the nutritionalcomposition and the container is sealed at approximately 180° F. Thefilled container is then rotated end-over-end so that the hotnutritional composition contacts all surfaces and, finally, it is heldhot for approximately five to ten minutes to kill all viablemicroorganisms. Microorganisms which are viable at low pH are molds andyeasts. If the product is a low acid product, approximately above pH4.6, the hot fill process does not produce adequate sterility. Terminalsterilization is used to kill harmful organisms potentially viable abovepH 4.6. Terminal sterilization kills potentially viable organisms byraising product and container temperatures to the equivalent of 250° F.for a time equivalent to at least 3 minutes, more often, in excess of 10minutes as determined using established practices to calculatesterilization process time as a function of product temperature history.The length of time the product and container are held at an elevatedtemperature can be reduced markedly by using sterilizer and producttemperatures in excess of 250° F. Sterilizer and product temperatureswell in excess of 250° F. are commonly used to reduce sterilizationprocess time.

In certain exemplary embodiments, a nutritional composition may bepackaged in a container such as a glass or plastic bottle, a plasticpouch, or a paper-based carton. In certain exemplary embodiments, anutritional composition may be formed by combining water with theremaining nutritional composition ingredients, agitating and/or heatingthe mixture to dissolve the ingredients, and then packaging thenutritional composition in a container. The nutritional composition maybe sterilized before or after being packaged, such as by retort,aseptic, or hot fill sterilization, as discussed above. The nutritionalcomposition may be packaged in a container that includes an oxygenbarrier, an oxygen scavenger, and/or an ultraviolet radiation barrier. Asingle package of nutritional composition may contain a single serving,such as 12 fl. oz. (0.35 L) or 1 L. A single package of nutritionalcomposition may contain multiple servings, such as multiples of 12 fl.oz. (0.35 L) or of 1 L.

In certain exemplary embodiments, a nutritional composition may also bepackaged in non-liquid forms, provided the nutritional composition hasundergone heat sterilization. In certain exemplary embodiments, anutritional composition may be packaged as a gel containing one or moregelling agents as described above. In certain exemplary embodiments, anutritional composition may be packaged as a frozen solution. Frozennutritional compositions may be in the form of ice cubes, ice on a stick(i.e. “freezer pop”), crushed ice, or shaved ice, for example.Advantageously, frozen nutritional composition may provide improvedpatient compliance, particularly in pediatric populations. Frozennutritional compositions are disclosed, for example, in U.S. Pat. No.5,869,459, hereby incorporated by reference herein.

Nutritional compositions according to the exemplary embodiments may beadministered in a variety of different forms, depending upon patientpreference. For example, some children will consume a nutritionalcomposition more readily if it is frozen, like a freezer pop. Thenutritional composition may be administered as a frozen nutritionalcomposition if the patient desires such a choice. Other examples ofsuitable product forms are set forth herein, such as powders and gels.

In certain exemplary embodiments, the nutritional composition is an oralrehydration composition in the form of a gel or frozen pop comprisingsodium, potassium, chloride, a digestible carbohydrate, and at least onehuman milk oligosaccharide selected from a fucosylated oligosaccharideand a N-acetylated oligosaccharide present in an amount of about 10 mgto about 5000 mg per liter of the oral rehydration composition.

In certain exemplary embodiments, the nutritional composition is an oralrehydration composition in the form of a reconstitutable powder and theat least one human milk oligosaccharide is present in an amount of 0.2to 13% by weight of the powder.

In certain exemplary embodiments, the nutritional composition may beused to prevent dehydration in an individual, particularly inindividuals suffering from fever. In certain embodiments, an oralrehydration formula is prepared, and orally administered to anindividual at risk of developing dehydration.

The total amount of calories provided by the nutritional composition mayvary widely. In certain exemplary embodiments, the nutritionalcomposition provides from about 10 kcal/L and 200 kcal/L. In certainexemplary embodiments, the nutritional composition provides from about30 kcal/L to about 150 kcal/L. In certain exemplary embodiments, thenutritional composition provides from about 50 kcal/L to about 100kcal/L.

As mentioned previously, certain oligosaccharides are known to havelimited stability in acidic medium. This limited stability is also knownto decrease even further when subjected to heat while in an acidicmedium. Because of this, oligosaccharides are not generally used innutritional compositions with an acidic pH, such as that in mostcompositions intended to treat or prevent dehydration. However, providedherein are nutritional compositions including oligosaccharides, such asfucosylated oligosaccharides and N-acetylated oligosaccharides, withenhanced stability in acidic medium.

Examples

The following examples illustrate certain exemplary embodiments orfeatures of the nutritional composition and methods encompassed by thegeneral inventive concepts. The examples are given solely for thepurpose of illustration and are not to be construed as limitations ofthe present disclosure, as many variations thereof are possible withoutdeparting from the spirit and scope of the general inventive concepts.

A study was conducted to determine the relative stabilities of GOS, FOS,2′-FL, 6′-SL, and LNnT in an oral rehydration solution. A master batchof product was prepared (shown in Table 1), the pH adjusted to approx.4.25, and subsequently divided into five sub-batches.

TABLE 1 Ingredient Amount per 1000 lb batch Water 983.4 lb Dextrose  8.5lb Potassium citrate 1.042 kg Sodium chloride 0.970 kg Sodium citrate,dihydrate 0.511 kg Citric acid, anhydrous 1.222 kg

Oligosaccharide ingredients were added to each of the sub-batches inamounts shown Table 2, and the pH of each sub-batch was subsequentlyadjusted to 3.5 with citric acid. The solutions were filled into 1 Lplastic bottles, capped and retorted with a cook temperature of 217° F.for 25 minutes. Duplicate samples were collected immediately prior tosterilization and within 24 h after sterilization. Prior to sampleanalysis, the unsterile samples were stored at refrigerated temperature(˜40° F.) and the sterilized samples were held ambient temperature.

TABLE 2 Oligosaccharide Target concentration in product (g/L) GOS 3.20FOS 3.20 2′FL 0.20 6′SL 0.20 LNnT 0.256

Samples were analyzed by HPAEC using a Dionex ICS3000 Ion ChromatographySystem (Thermo Scientific, Inc., Sunnyvale, Calif.) equipped with apulsed amperometric detector comprised of a AgCl reference electrode,gold working electrode, and CarboPac PA1 guard (4×50 mm) and analyticalcolumns (4×250 mm). Mobile phases were degassed and pressurized with 3to 5 psi helium, and oligosaccharides eluted from the columns usingvarious gradients detailed in Tables 3-5 at a flow rate of 1.0 mL/min.The column and detector were held at 20±2° C. Oligosaccharideidentification and concentration were determined from quadratic fit (notforced through the origin) standard curves.

Table 3 shows an exemplary chromatography gradient used for analysis ofGOS, wherein Eluent 1=Laboratory Water, Eluent 2=50 mM Sodium Acetate,Eluent 3=500 mM Sodium Hydroxide, and Eluent 4=300 mM Sodium Acetate.

TABLE 3 Time (min) % 1 % 2 % 3 % 4 0.0 90 6 4 0 26.0 90 6 4 0 26.1 16.70 0 83.3 29.0 16.7 0 0 83.3 29.1 60 0 40 0 32.0 60 0 40 0 32.1 90 6 4 046.0 90 6 4 0

Table 4 shows an exemplary chromatography gradient used for analysis ofFOS, wherein Eluent 1=Laboratory Water, Eluent 2=Not Used, Eluent 3=500mM Sodium Hydroxide, and Eluent 4=300 mM Sodium Acetate.

TABLE 4 Time (min) % 1 % 2 % 3 % 4 0.0 80 0 20 0 2.0 80 0 20 0 2.1 76 020 4 25.0 48 0 20 32 25.1 0 0 20 80 35.1 0 0 20 80 35.2 80 0 20 0 60.080 0 20 0

Table 5 shows an exemplary chromatography gradient used for analysis ofHMO's, wherein Eluent 1=Laboratory Water, Eluent 2=Not Used, Eluent3=500 mM Sodium Hydroxide, Eluent 4=300 mM Sodium Acetate.

TABLE 5 Time (min) % 1 % 2 % 3 % 4 0.0 80 0 20 0 10.0 80 0 20 0 18.0 700 20 10 28.0 70 0 20 10 32.0 48 0 20 32 39.0 48 0 20 32 39.01 0 0 20 8043.0 0 0 20 80 43.01 80 0 20 0 50.0 80 0 20 0

Table 6 shows the results of testing the sample prepared with GOS bothbefore (unsterile) and after sterilization (sterile), as well as 3-weeksafter sterilization (3-week). GOS fortification was calculated to be3.19 g/L. Galactooligosaccharide content was based upon thedetermination of the enzymatically released galactose from the GOSoligomers. The samples were enzymatically treated with β-galactosidase(pH 6.0 at 60° C. for 1 h) in order to hydrolyze the GOS oligomers togalactose and glucose (note GOS content is calculated from galactoseonly). Based on the results in Table 6, there appears to be minimal lossof GOS during a retort process. Additionally, there is also no lossrelative to the sterilized sample 3-weeks after sterilization.

TABLE 6 % Theoretical Sample Galactose g/L Lactose g/L GOS g/L GOSUnsterile 1 0.0670 0.767 3.09 97 Unsterile 2 0.0667 0.769 3.14 98.5Average 0.0668 0.768 3.12 97.8 Sterile 1 0.0679 0.754 3.08 96.7 Sterile2 0.0689 0.764 3.10 97.3 Average 0.0684 0.759 3.09 97 3-week 1 0.06790.0754 3.08 96.7 3-week 2 0.0689 0.0764 3.10 97.3 Average 0.0684 0.07593.09 97

Table 7 shows the results of testing the sample prepared with FOS bothbefore (unsterile) and after sterilization (sterile), as well as 3-weeksafter sterilization (3-week). FOS fortification was calculated to be 3.2g/L. Testing samples were reconstituted at 10 mL to 500 mL with water,and then filtered using a 0.2 μm PES membrane syringe filter.Fructooligosaccharide content was determined from the levels of GF₂(1-kestose), GF₃ (nystose), and GF₄ (1-fructofuranosylnystose) incommodity and product and then applying the following formula: FOS inproduct=(GF₂+GF₃+GF₄)_(product)*(potency of FOScommodity/[GF₂+GF₃+GF]_(commodity)). FOS has a loss of approximately 88%during sterilization, with continued loss over 3-weeks.

TABLE 7 % Theo- retical Sample GF2 g/L GF3 g/L GF4 g/L FOS g/L FOSUnsterile 1 1.14952  1.4819  0.2680  3.25   101.6 Unsterile 2 1.14636 1.4738  0.2664  3.24   101.2 Average 1.14794  1.4778  0.2672  3.24   101Sterile 1 0.19958  0.1220  0.0123  0.374  11.70 Sterile 2 0.19907 0.1219  0.0130  0.375  11.71 Average 0.199325 0.12196 0.01264 0.375 11.7 3-week 1 0.18267  0.1156  0.0118  0.3477 10.87 3-week 2 0.18309 0.1144  0.0121  0.3471 10.85 Average 0.18288  0.114985 0.01192 0.347 10.9

Table 8 shows the results of testing the sample prepared with 2′-FL bothbefore (unsterile) and after sterilization (sterile), as well as 3-weeksafter sterilization (3-week). 2′-FL fortification was calculated to be0.2 g/L. Testing samples were reconstituted at 20 mL to 100 ml, withwater, and then filtered using a 0.2 μm PES membrane syringe filter.2′-FL shows a slight decrease after sterilization, however, there is nofurther loss observed after 3-weeks.

TABLE 8 % Theoretical Sample Lactose mg/L Lactulose mg/L 2′-FL mg/L2′-FL Unsterile 1 13.94 NAP 200.8 100.4 Unsterile 2 14.43 NAP 202.1101.0 Average 14.2 NAP 201 101 Sterile 1 14.5 3.401 194.8 97.38 Sterile2 14.33 2.617 196.7 98.35 Average 14.4 3.01 196 97.9 3-week 1 15.59 3.25196.6 98.31 3-week 2 15.01 2.792 196.8 98.38 Average 15.3 3.02 197 98.3

Table 9 shows the results of testing the sample prepared with LNnT bothbefore (unsterile) and after sterilization (sterile), as well as 3-weeksafter sterilization (3-week). LNnT fortification was calculated to be0.256 g/L. Testing samples were reconstituted at 20 mL to 100 ml, withwater, and then filtered using a 0.2 μm PES membrane syringe filter. Ascan be seen from the table, LNnT shows a no decrease aftersterilization. Additionally there is no further loss of LNnT observedafter 3-weeks.

TABLE 9 Sample Lactose mg/L LNnT mg/L % Theoretical LNnT Unsterile 125.78 257.6 100.7 Unsterile 2 25.46 259.4 101.4 Average 25.6 258 101Sterile 1 26.34 261 102.1 Sterile 2 27.26 261.1 102.1 Average 26.8 261102 3-week 1 28.03 266.5 104.2 3-week 2 28.19 271.0 106 Average 28.1 269105

Table 10 shows the results of testing the sample prepared with 6′-SLboth before (unsterile) and after sterilization (sterile), as well as3-weeks after sterilization (3-week). 6′-SL fortification was calculatedto be 0.2 g/L. Testing samples were reconstituted at 20 mL to 100 mLwith water, and then filtered using a 0.2 μm PES membrane syringefilter. Significant loss of 6′-SL was observed upon sterilization. Noadditional loss of 6′-SL was observed after 3-weeks.

TABLE 10 % Theoretical Sample Lactose mg/L Sialic Acid mg/L 6′-SL mg/L6′-SL Unsterile 1 24.22 5.055 170.8 85.42 Unsterile 2 24.90 4.842 174.587.24 Average 24.6 4.95 173 86.3 Sterile 1 149.4 83.46 10.39 5.195Sterile 2 149.4 83.79 11.0 5.502 Average 149 83.6 10.7 5.35 3-week 1152.2 82.89 10.5 5.249 3-week 2 154 82.96 10.6 5.3 Average 153 82.9 10.55.27

As can be seen from the tables, GOS, 2′-FL, and LNnT demonstratedenhanced stability in the exemplary formulations, especially incomparison to the relative stability of FOS and 6′-SL. Therefore,nutritional compositions comprising fucosylated oligosaccharide,N-acetylated oligosaccharide and combinations thereof, would be expectedto demonstrate shelf stability even after a heat sterilization process.

Table 11 is a listing of ingredients for a liquid nutritionalcomposition (in the form of an ORC) having an acidic pH, a fruit flavor,and comprising a human milk oligosaccharide according to certainexemplary embodiments disclosed herein.

TABLE 11 Ingredient Amount per 1000 kg batch Kg/g/mg Water Q.S. Dextrosemonohydrate 27.67 Kg Citric acid 2.7 Kg Flavor 2.503 Kg PotassiumCitrate 2.3 Kg Sodium Chloride 2.140 Kg Sodium Citrate 1.129 KgSucralose 395.3 g Acesulfame Potassium 83.99 g Zinc Gluconate 63.70 g2′-fucosyllactose 20.00 g Color 20.00 g

Table 12 is a listing of ingredients for a liquid nutritionalcomposition (in the form of an ORC) having an acidic pH, a fruit flavor,and comprising a human milk oligosaccharide and an indigestibleoligosaccharide according to certain exemplary embodiments disclosedherein.

TABLE 12 Ingredient Amount per 1000 kg batch Kg/g/mg Water Q.S. Dextrosemonohydrate 17.9 Kg Galacto-oligosaccharides 6.3 Kg Citric acid 2.7 KgFlavor 2.5 Kg Potassium Citrate 2.3 Kg Sodium Chloride 2.1 Kg SodiumCitrate 1.1 Kg Sucralose 395.3 g Acesulfame Potassium 84 g ZincGluconate 63.7 g 2′-fucosyllactose 20.0 g Color 16.0 g

Table 13 is a listing of ingredients for a nutritional composition inthe form of a frozen pop having an acidic pH, a fruit flavor, andcomprising a human milk oligosaccharide and an indigestibleoligosaccharide according to certain exemplary embodiments disclosedherein.

TABLE 13 Ingredient Amount per 1000 kg batch Kg/g/mg Water Q.S. Dextrose25.5 Kg Citric acid 5.2 Kg Sodium Chloride 2.1 Kg Sodium Carboxy-methylcellulose 2.0 Kg Potassium Citrate monohydrate 1.9 Kg Potassium sorbate513 g Sodium benzoate 500 g Flavor 500 g Sucralose 198 g AcesulfamePotassium 148 g 2′-fucosyllactose 20 g Color 11.00 g

Another study was performed to determine the stability of 2′-FL, LNnT,and 6′-SL in an ORC over time (e.g., 1 week, 3 weeks, 6 weeks, and 14weeks).

Sample Preparation: A master batch with a pH of 4.25 is sub-divided. Theoligosaccharides are added to the respective ORC in an amount of 0.2 g/Lfor 2′-FL and 6′-SL, LNnT was fortified in an amount of 0.256 g/L. ThepH was then adjusted from 4.25 to 3.5 by addition of citric acid. Priorto sterilization, samples are collected to evaluate oligosaccharidelevels. The formulas were then delivered into 1 L bottles and subjectedto heat sterilization and allowed to cool to room temperature.

Initial Time Analysis: total solids, sodium, potassium, chloride and pHare measured and the results are shown in Table 14.

TABLE 14 2′-FL 6′-SL LNnT Assay Total solids 2.04 1.93 1.94 pH 3.44 3.463.46 Chloride mg/kg 1330 1330 1330 Potassium mg/100 g 83.5 83.7 83.2Sodium mg/100 g 111 111 111

Table 15 shows the results of sample measurements determining the levelsof 2′-FL (mg/L), lactose (mg/L), and lactulose (mg/L), as determined at0 days, 3 weeks, 6 weeks, and 14 weeks. The data on day 0 was collectedin duplicate for samples prior to sterilization (unsterile) and aftersterilization (sterile), thereafter the data was collected only on thesterilized samples. 2′-FL shows very little change over the course ofthe study. The slight fluctuation in lactose and lactulose levels arelikely due to method variability.

TABLE 15 Intervals 0 D 3 WK 6 WK 14 WK % Remaining % Remaining %Remaining % Remaining Assay Sample mg/L * mg/L ** mg/L ** mg/L ** 2′-FLUnsterile 1 200.8 100.4% NAP NAP NAP NAP NAP NAP mg/L Unsterile 2 202.1  101% NAP NAP NAP NAP NAP NAP Average 201   101% NAP NAP NAP NAP NAPNAP Sterile 1 194.8 97.38% 196.6 98.31% 197.7 98.83% 201.2 100.6%Sterile 2 196.7 98.35% 196.8 98.38% 200.3 100.2% 200.8 100.4% Average196  97.9% 197 98.30% 199  99.5% 201   101% Lactose Unsterile 1 13.94NAP NAP NAP NAP NAP NAP NAP mg/L Unsterile 2 14.43 NAP NAP NAP NAP NAPNAP NAP Average 14.2 NAP NAP NAP NAP NAP NAP NAP Sterile 1 14.5 NAP15.59 NAP 15.35 NAP 15.05 NAP Sterile 2 14.33 NAP 15.01 NAP 14.77 NAP15.4 NAP Average 14.4 NAP 15.30 NAP 15.1 NAP 15.2 NAP LactuloseUnsterile 1 NAP NAP NAP NAP NAP NAP NAP NAP mg/L Unsterile 2 NAP NAP NAPNAP NAP NAP NAP NAP Average NAP NAP NAP NAP NAP NAP NAP NAP Sterile 13.401 NAP 3.25 NAP 3.103 NAP 2.445 NAP Sterile 2 2.617 NAP 2.792 NAP2.644 NAP 2.937 NAP Average 3.01 NAP 3.02 NAP 2.870 NAP 2.690 NAP * %Remaining denotes the % loss or % increase for results calculatedcomparing the average results for unsterile to average sterile resultsto the target fortification. The assumed target fortification for 2′-FLis 200 mg/L. ** % Remaining denotes % loss or % increase of 3, 6, and 14weeks test results and is calculated comparing the average intervalresults to the average 0 D results.

Table 16 shows the results of sample measurements determining the levelsof LNnT (mg/L) and % remaining, as determined at 0 days, 3 weeks, 6weeks, and 14 weeks. The data on day 0 was collected in duplicate forsamples prior to sterilization (unsterile) and after sterilization(sterile), thereafter the data was collected only on the sterilizedsamples. No substantial loss of LNnT was observed during the testperiod.

TABLE 16 Intervals 0 D 3 WK 6 WK 14 WK % Remaining % Remaining %Remaining % Remaining Assay Sample mg/L * mg/L ** mg/L ** mg/L ** LNnTUnsterile 1 257.6 100.7% NAP NAP NAP NAP NAP NAP mg/L Unsterile 2 259.4101.4% NAP NAP NAP NAP NAP NAP Average 258   101% NAP NAP NAP NAP NAPNAP Sterile 1 261 102.1% 266.5 104.2%   265.8 103.9% 272.7 106.6%Sterile 2 261.1 102.1% 271.0 106% 268.4 104.9% 264.3 103.4% Average 261102% 269 105% 267   104% 269   105% Lactose Unsterile 1 25.78 NAP NAPNAP NAP NAP NAP NAP mg/L Unsterile 2 25.46 NAP NAP NAP NAP NAP NAP NAPAverage 25.6 NAP NAP NAP NAP NAP NAP NAP Sterile 1 26.34 NAP 28.03 NAP30.89 NAP 27.94 NAP Sterile 2 27.26 NAP 28.19 NAP 28.6 NAP 28.14 NAPAverage 26.8 NAP 28.10 NAP 29.7 NAP 28 NAP * % Remaining denotes the %loss or % increase for results calculated comparing the average resultsfor unsterile to average sterile results to the target fortification.The assumed target fortification for 2′-FL is 200 mg/L. ** % Remainingdenotes % loss or % increase of 3, 6, and 14 weeks test results and iscalculated comparing the average interval results to the average 0 Dresults.

Table 17 shows the results of sample measurements determining the levelsof 6′-SL (mg/L), Lactose (mg/L), and Sialic acid (mg/L) and % remaining,as determined at 0 days, 3 weeks, 6 weeks, and 14 weeks. The data on day0 was collected in duplicate for samples prior to sterilization(unsterile) and after sterilization (sterile), thereafter the data wascollected only on the sterilized samples. A significant decrease in6′-SL levels was observed post sterilization and throughout the testingintervals. At 14 weeks, the concentration was 2.3% of the targetfortification amount. Slight discoloration was observed relative to theother test compositions.

TABLE 17 Intervals 0 D 3 WK 6 WK 14 WK % Remaining % Remaining %Remaining % Remaining Assay Sample mg/L * mg/L ** mg/L ** mg/L ** 6′-SLUnsterile 1 170.8 85.42% NAP NAP NAP NAP NAP NAP mg/L Unsterile 2 174.587.24% NAP NAP NAP NAP NAP NAP Average 173  86.3% NAP NAP NAP NAP NAPNAP Sterile 1 10.39 5.195% 10.5 5.249% 10.47 5.234% 4.66 2.330% Sterile2 11 5.502% 10.6  5.3% 10.59 5.295% 4.57 2.285% Average 10.7  5.35% 10.5 5.27% 10.5  5.26% 4.6  2.31% Lactose Unsterile 1 24.22 NAP NAP NAP NAPNAP NAP NAP mg/L Unsterile 2 24.9 NAP NAP NAP NAP NAP NAP NAP Average24.6 NAP NAP NAP NAP NAP NAP NAP Sterile 1 149.4 NAP 152.2 NAP 170.5 NAP149.5 NAP Sterile 2 149.4 NAP 154.0 NAP 174.4 NAP 155.1 NAP Average 149NAP 153 NAP 172 NAP 152 NAP Sialic Unsterile 1 5.055 NAP NAP NAP NAP NAPNAP NAP acid Unsterile 2 4.842 NAP NAP NAP NAP NAP NAP NAP mg/L Average4.95 NAP NAP NAP NAP NAP NAP NAP Sterile 1 83.46 NAP 82.89 NAP 98.77 NAP91.10 NAP Sterile 2 83.79 NAP 82.96 NAP 97.2 NAP 92.22 NAP Average 83.6NAP 82.9 NAP 98 NAP 91.7 NAP * % Remaining denotes the % loss or %increase for results calculated comparing the average results forunsterile to average sterile results to the target fortification. Theassumed target fortification for 2′-FL is 200 mg/L. ** % Remainingdenotes % loss or % increase of 3, 6, and 14 weeks test results and iscalculated comparing the average interval results to the average 0 Dresults.

While the general inventive concepts have been illustrated by thedescription of various exemplary embodiments, and while the exemplaryembodiments have been described in considerable detail, it is not theintention of the applicants to restrict or in any way limit the scope ofthe general inventive concepts or the appended claims to such detail.Additional advantages and modifications will readily appear to thoseskilled in the art. Therefore, the general inventive concepts are notlimited to the specific details, the representative compositions andprocesses, and illustrative examples shown and described. Accordingly,departures may be made from such details without departing from thespirit or scope of the general inventive concepts.

1-42. (canceled)
 43. An oral rehydration composition in the form of a reconstitutable powder, the composition comprising: a fucosylated human milk oligosaccharide, wherein the fucosylated human milk oligosaccharide is the sole human milk oligosaccharide; a digestible carbohydrate in addition to the human milk oligosaccharide; and sodium.
 44. The oral rehydration composition of claim 43, wherein the fucosylated human milk oligosaccharide is 2′-fucosyllactose.
 45. The oral rehydration composition of claim 44, wherein, when the oral rehydration composition is reconstituted into a liquid formulation having a sodium concentration of 10 mEq to 100 mEq per liter, the 2′-fucosyllactose is present in the liquid formulation in an amount of 10 mg to 5000 mg per liter.
 46. The oral rehydration composition of claim 43, wherein, when the oral rehydration composition is reconstituted into a liquid formulation having a sodium concentration of 10 mEq to 100 mEq per liter, the digestible carbohydrate is present in the liquid formulation in an amount of up to about 2.5% by weight.
 47. The oral rehydration composition of claim 43, wherein the digestible carbohydrate is selected from the group consisting of dextrose, maltodextrin, starch, isomaltulose, sucromalt, rice syrup, rice syrup solids, and combinations thereof.
 48. The oral rehydration composition of claim 47, wherein the digestible carbohydrate is dextrose.
 49. The oral rehydration composition of claim 47, wherein the digestible carbohydrate is maltodextrin.
 50. The oral rehydration composition of claim 43, wherein the sodium is selected from the group consisting of sodium chloride, sodium phosphate, sodium citrate, sodium carbonate, sodium bicarbonate, sodium hydroxide, sodium ascorbate and combinations thereof.
 51. The oral rehydration composition of claim 43 further comprising chloride.
 52. The oral rehydration composition of claim 51, wherein the chloride is selected from the group consisting of sodium chloride, potassium chloride, calcium chloride, magnesium chloride, and combinations thereof.
 53. The oral rehydration composition of claim 51, wherein, when the oral rehydration composition is reconstituted into a liquid formulation having a sodium concentration of 10 mEq to 100 mEq per liter, the chloride is present in the liquid formulation in an amount of 5 mEq to 90 mEq per liter.
 54. The oral rehydration composition of claim 43 further comprising potassium.
 55. The oral rehydration composition of claim 54, wherein the potassium is selected from the group consisting of potassium chloride, potassium phosphate, potassium citrate, potassium carbonate, potassium bicarbonate, potassium hydroxide, and combinations thereof.
 56. The oral rehydration composition of claim 54, wherein, when the oral rehydration composition is reconstituted into a liquid formulation having a sodium concentration of 10 mEq to 100 mEq per liter, the potassium is present in the liquid formulation in an amount of 3 mEq to 100 mEq per liter.
 57. The oral rehydration composition of claim 43 further comprising magnesium.
 58. The oral rehydration composition of claim 43 further comprising vitamin C.
 59. The oral rehydration composition of claim 43 further comprising citrate.
 60. The oral rehydration composition of claim 59, wherein the citrate is selected from the group consisting of potassium citrate, sodium citrate, zinc citrate, and combinations thereof.
 61. The oral rehydration composition of claim 59, wherein, when the oral rehydration composition is reconstituted into a liquid formulation having a sodium concentration of 10 mEq to 100 mEq per liter, the citrate is present in the liquid formulation in an amount of 1 mEq to 200 mEq per liter.
 62. A liquid oral rehydration formulation reconstituted from a reconstitutable powder, the formulation comprising: a fucosylated human milk oligosaccharide, wherein the fucosylated human milk oligosaccharide is the sole human milk oligosaccharide; a digestible carbohydrate in addition to the human milk oligosaccharide; and sodium in an amount of 10 mEq to 100 mEq per liter. 